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| RNA | Ribonucleic acid. |
| Radicle | The lower portion of the axis of an embryo seedling. |
| Rancid | Having a smell or taste of stale fats or oils. |
| Real Extract | The extract in dealcoholized beer. |
| Reaumur | Thermometric scale in which 0° marks the freezing point and 80° the boiling point of water. |
| Recombinant DNA (rDNA) | The DNA formed by combining segments of DNA from different types of organisms. |
| Reducing | A chemical reagent which brings about the reduction of some other Agent substance and is itself simultaneously oxidized. See reduction and oxidation. |
| Reduction | In a narrow sense reduction means the decrease in the oxygen content, or in the increase in the hydrogen content of a substance. In a broad sense, reduction is the decrease in positive valence or the increase in negative valence of an element. |
| Refrigerant | Substance such as ammonia, fluorocarbons (e.g., Freon) and less frequently CO2 and SO2 capable of removing heat from their surroundings by boiling at the desired temperature under economical and safe operating conditions. Also see "Brine." |
| Regulatory gene | A gene that acts to control the protein-synthesizing activity of other genes. |
| Replication | Reproduction or duplication, as of an exact copy of a strand of DNA. |
| Repressor | A protein that binds to an operator adjacent to a structural gene, inhibiting transcription of that gene. |
| Resin | A solid or semi-solid, amorphous (non-crystalline) organic substance which does not soften at any definite temperature. The natural resins are chiefly of plant origin usually yellowish to brown in color, soluble in alcohol. They are chiefly excretion products and exude from plants alone or as mixtures with essential oils, with gums, etc. |
| Respiration | 1 The sum total chemical reactions in living cells which release energy. 2. The aggregate of those processes by which oxygen is introduced into the system and carbon dioxide removed. |
| Restriction enzyme | An enzyme that breaks DNA in highly specific locations, creating gaps into which new genes can be inserted. |
| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) | A molecule similar to DNA that functions primarily to decode the instructions for protein synthesis that are carried by genes. See also Messenger RNA; Transfer RNA. |
| Ribosome | A cellular component, containing protein and RNA, that is involved in protein sythesis. |
| Ribozyme | An enzyme made of RNA rather than protein. "Designer" ribozymes which can cut RNA molecules at specific points are known as "gene shears". |
| Roasted Malt | Malt used for coloring purposes. |
| Rousing | Turbulent action in a liquid caused by mechanical agitation or introduction of a gas. |
| Ruh (G) | Period of storage after main fermentation. |
| Rust | A parasitic fungus on plants. Also the oxidation of iron. |
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© 2008
Siebel Institute of Technology - America's Oldest Brewing School